Project title: Healthy Forest Regions: Supporting Healthy Forest Ecosystems for human well-being in Forest Regions
Project acronym: HealthyForestRegions (HFR)
Project ID: CE0100310
Program: Interreg Central Europe
Name of the Lead partner organization: Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development
Project partners: Nature and Geopark Styrian Eisenwurzen (Austria), National Forest Centre (Slovakia), Slovenia Forest Service (Slovenia), Angermünde City Administration (Germany), LAG Frydlantsko (Czech Republic), Czech University of Life Sciences Prague (Czech Republic), Public Institution Paklenica National Park (Croatia), Municipality of Kočevje (Slovenia).
Associated partners: Northern Velebit National Park Public Institution, Velebit Nature Park Public Institution, Österreichisches Bundesministerium für Klimaschutz, Umwelt, Energie, Mobilität, Innovation und Technologie, Nationalpark Gesäuse, Nationalpark Kalkalpen, Schutzgebietsverwaltung Wildnisgebiet Dürrenstein-Lassingtal, Naturpark Ötscher-Tormäuer, Obec Ulič, Ministerstvo pôdohospodárstva a rozvoja vidieka SR, Ministrstvo za okolje in prostor, Slovenski državni gozdovi, d. o. o., Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny – regionální pracoviště Liberecko, Dobrovolný svazek obcí Mikroregion Frýdlantsko, Liberecký kraj - odbor životního prostředí a zemědělství, Lesopoľnohospodársky majetok Ulič, štátny podnik, Ministerstvo životného prostredia SR, Stadt Eberswalde, Správa Národného parku Poloniny, Agentura ochrany přírody a krajiny, Bildungswerk Angermünde e.V., Freie Schule Angermünde, Grundschule Gustav-Bruhn, Kita Spatzenhaus, Landkreis Uckermark, Naturwacht Brandenburg - Stiftung Naturschutzfonds Brandenburg, Puschkinschule Angermünde, tmu Tourismus Marketing Uckermark GmbH, European Beech Forest Network (EBFN e.V.), Coordination office for the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Beech Forests", Amt Joachimsthal, Geopark Eiszeitland am Oderrand e.V., Sonian forest foundation, UNESCO Biosphärenreservat Schorfheide-Chorin, Kultur- und Heimatverein e.V. Altkünkendorf.
Project summary: The project tackles the CE-wide challenge of declining forest ecosystem functionality and the loss of biodiversity, resulting from unsustainable forest management practices, intensified by negative impacts from accelerating climate change, both affecting forest ecosystem services (ES) provision for human well-being and territorial resilience. Therefore, the project has the objective to create commitment of policy- and decision-makers and enable key stakeholders to safeguard forest ecosystem functionality, enhancing biodiversity conservation and securing the provision of forest-based ES with further positive effects for sustainable regional development. To achieve this, the project will operationalize the potential for capitalizing on forest ES for local and regional benefits and develop/pilot innovative solutions for a transition to ecosystem-based forest management. The project’s outputs include strategies for communicating the value of healthy, functional forests and their ES contributing to human health and well-being, and further strategies and action plans for prioritization of regional ES to safeguard forest ecosystem functionality. A set of jointly/transnationally developed pilot actions leads to the territorial implementation of solutions for the integration of knowledge through educational work and realizing regional added value for local stakeholders from different sectors. Furthermore, concrete concepts and tools for marketing forest ES are operationalized for the creation of alternative income generation from forests. In this context, the project creates commitment of policy- and decision-makers for cooperation and knowledge exchange with regard to safeguarding forest ecosystem functionality. The project operationalizes the concept of Healthy Forest Regions (HFR) in different regional contexts, where institutional and public commitment and awareness for safeguarding forest ecosystems are territorially integrated on the local and regional levels.
Project objective: The overall objective is to create commitment of policy- and decision-makers and key stakeholders in Healthy Forest Regions (HFR) for enhancing forest ecosystem functionality, safeguarding biodiversity and ecosystem services (ES) for human wellbeing and strengthening sustainable regional development. Therefore, the project will operationalize the potential of capitalizing on forest ES for local and regional benefits and develop solutions for a transition to ecosystem-based forest management.
Project elements
Work package 1 (WP1): Promotion of forest ecosystem-based sustainable regional development for human well-being in HFR.
Work package 2 (WP2): Reimbursement systems for forest ecosystem services - exploring and implementing new opportunities.
Work package 3 (WP3): Developing operational frameworks for safeguarding forest ecosystem functionality in HFR
Work packages PI Paklenica NP is involved in: WP1 and WP3
Total eligible budget: 2.782.712, 00 EUR
Program funding: 2. 226.169,00 EUR (80%)
Eligible budget for partner PI Paklenica NP: 206.400,00 EUR
Project start: April 1st, 2023
Project end: March 31st, 2026
Project duration: 36 months
Project web page: under construction
Natura 2000 is an ecological network composed of areas important for the preservation of endangered species and habitat types in the EU. Its goal is to conserve or re-establish favorable conditions for more than thousands of endangered and rare species and around 230 natural and semi-natural habitat types.
So far, this ecological network includes 27.500 areas in almost 20% of the EU territory, which makes it the biggest network of protected areas in the world. Natura 2000 is based on the EU directives, areas are selected by scientific standards and management considers the interests and well-being of people that live in those areas.
Ecological network Natura 2000 is one of the basic mechanisms of nature protection in the EU. Every state member contributes to the Ecological Network by selecting the most important areas for each species of interest and habitat type.
The areas selected for the Ecological Network are chosen exclusively based on the scientific criteria and they need to ensure the long-term preservation of favorable conditions with their surface and positioning.
Paklenica National Park, as a part of the Ecological Network Natura 2000 is an area significant for species and habitat types.
Site ID
SITE NAME: Paklenica National Park
SITE CODE: HR2000871
AREA (ha): 9.507,56
BIOGEOGRAPHICAL REGIONS: ALPINE and MEDITERRANEAN
Species referred to in Article 4 of Directive 2009/147/EC and listed in Annex II of Directive 92/43/EEC
|
NATURA 2000 code |
Species English name |
Species Scientific name |
Group |
| 1083 | Stag Beetle | Lucanus cervus | Invertebrata |
| 1087 | Alpine Longihorn | Rosalia alpina* | |
| 1088 | Great capricorn beetle | Cerambyx cerdo | |
| 1089 | Morimus asper funereus | ||
| 4019 | Leptodirus | Leptodirus hochenwartii | |
| 6337 | The meadow viper | Vipera ursinii macrops* | Reptiles |
| 1303 | Lesser horseshoe bat | Rhinolophus hipposideros | Mammals |
| 1304 | Greater horseshoe bat | Rhinolophus ferrumequinum | |
| 1308 | Western barbastelle | Barbastella barbastellus | |
| 1310 | Common bent-winged bat | Miniopterus schreibersii | |
| 1321 | Geofroy's bat | Myotis emarginatus | |
| 1323 | Bechstein's bat | Myotis bechsteinii | |
| 1324 | Greater mouse-eared bat | Myotis myotis | |
| 1352 | Wolf | Canis lupus | |
| 1354 | Brown bear | Usrus arctos | |
| 1361 | Lynx | Lynx lynx | |
| 6338 | Balkan snow vole | Dinaromys bogdanovi | |
| 1473 | Columbine | Aquilegia kitaibelii | Plants |
| 1547 | Genista holopetala | ||
| 1604 | Alpine Sea holy | Eryngium alpinum | |
| 1902 | Lady's slipper orchid | Cypripedium calceolus | |
| 4072 | Cerastium dinaricum | ||
| 2093 | Greater Pasque flower | Pulsatilla grandis | |
| 4089 | Scopoli's rockcress | Arabis scopoliana |
Habitat types present on the site
| Habitat type code | Habitat type name |
| 4070 | Bushes with Pinus mugo and Rhododendron hirsutum (Mugo-Rhododendretum hirsuti) |
| 5130 | Juniperus communis formations on heaths or calcareous grasslands |
| 5210 | Arborescent matorral with Juniperus spp. |
| 6170 | Alpine and subalpine calcareous grasslands |
| 8120 | Calcareous and calcshist screes of the montane to alpine levels (Thlaspietea rotundifolii) |
| 8140 | Eastern Mediterranean screes |
| 8210 | Calcareous rocky slopes with chasmophytic vegetation |
| 8310 |
Caves not open to the public
|
| 91K0 | Illyrian Fagus sylvatica forests (Aremonio-Fagion) |
| 9530 | (Sub-) Mediterranean pine forests with endemic black pines |
Cultural and natural heritage is counted among invaluable and indispensable goods, not just for each country, but for all humanity. Loss of any of these invaluable goods because of deterioration or disappearance means impoverishment of the heritage of all nations of the world. Parts of this heritage, due to their exceptional characteristics, can be considered as goods of "outstanding universal value" and as such, they deserve special protection from the dangers they are increasingly threatened by.
Having been included in the World Heritage List in 2017, the beech forests in the area of Paklenica National Park and the Northern Velebit National Park belong to globally significant localities.
UNESCO is an organization that has been implementing the idea of the need to preserve the world's natural and cultural heritage since 1972, when the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World's Cultural and Natural Heritage was adopted. The purpose of the Convention is to identify, protect, conserve, present and transmit to future generations the cultural and natural heritage of outstanding universal value. One of the most important instruments of the Convention is the inclusion of heritage into the UNESCO World Heritage List. The main basis for inclusion in the Natural Heritage List is that a heritage asset has an outstanding universal value under one of the four criteria:
- areas of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance
- areas representing major stages of Earth's history, significant geological processes and possessing significant geomorphic or physiographic features
- areas representing an example of ecological and biological processes in the evolution
- areas which are most significant natural habitats for in-situ conservation of biological diversity
The beech forests of Paklenica National Park and Northern Velebit National Park were listed on UNESCO World Heritage List on 7 July 2017, and together with the beech forests of Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Italy, Germany, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain and Ukraine comprise the whole of "Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe". For inclusion in the UNESCO World Heritage List, as Croatian representatives of the primeval beech forests, two sites were selected, one within the boundaries of Paklenica NP (Suva draga-Klimenta and Oglavinovac-Javornik) and the other part within the borders of Northern Velebit NP (Rožanski and Hajdučki kukovi).
The beech forests of Paklenica and Northern Velebit National Parks represent exceptionally preserved and undisturbed forest ecosystems, whose authenticity and integrity have been secured by years of protection. They are a valuable part of the European primeval beech forests and an important haven for many species, some of which, like the bear, lynx, wolf, stag beetle, longhorn beetle, and holly, peony or forest orchids, are endangered worldwide.
Beech is one of the most important species in deciduous temperate forests. It represents a remarkable example of re-invasion of space and development of forest communities after the last glaciation, across the whole of Europe, under a variety of environmental conditions (climatic and geographic) and over a relatively short period of time. It is a process that continues even today.
With the development of civilization and the cultivation of forest areas, significant forest areas have disappeared all over Europe, including beech forests. Many of the beech forests that are still in existence are used for economic purposes, which harms their authenticity. It is estimated that, before human intervention, ancient beech forests in Europe occupied 91 million hectares. Today, primeval beech forests occupy an area of only 90,000 hectares. The only examples of primeval beech forests that can still be explored for their intactness and true preservation are limited to relatively small areas, so it was necessary to unify these remains throughout Europe, under one natural good and with one goal, which is joint care.
In 2021, the Unesco World Heritage Series “ Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe” was extended with 6 additional States Parties (Bosnia&Herzegovina, Czechia, France, North Macedonia, Poland, and Switzerland). This extension added 15 new protected areas to the network. And more precious forest areas in other countries could follow. The entire World Heritage Site comprises the few remaining European primeval beech forests and centuries-old European beech forest areas, which are almost unaltered by humans.
This World Heritage series is currently the largest serial World Heritage property. With 93 sites in 18 countries, it is the only World Heritage Site globally that connects so many component parts. It covers areas in Albania, Austria, Belgium, Bosnia& Herzegovina, Bulgaria, France, Germany, Italy, Croatia, Czechia, North Macedonia, Poland, Romania, the Slovak Republic, Slovenia, Spain, Switzerland, and the Ukraine. This requires collaboration across boundaries and illustrates the close relationship of the beech forest with European culture.
Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe as a transboundary property is under the joint care of 18 countries in whose territories the individual components are located, and the care is provided through regular meetings and development of joint projects and management documents. More info on the Property is available on the following link: European beech forests
Lead partner organization: Eberswalde University for Sustainable Development, Germany
Project partners: European Wilderness Society, Austria; Kalkalpen National Park, Austria; Angermünde City Administration, Germany; Slovenia Forest Service, Slovenia; National Forest Centre, Slovakia; PubliC Institution Paklenica National Park, Croatia
Associated partners: Austrian Federal Ministry of Sustainability and Tourism; Ministry of Rural Development, Austria; Environment and Agriculture of the Federal State of Brandenburg, Germany; CEEweb for Biodiversity, Hungary; State Nature Conservancy of Slovak Republic, Slovakia; Hainich National Park, Germany; Biosphere Reserve Schorfheide-Chorin, Germany; Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning, Slovenia; Municipality Loška dolina, Slovenia; Municipality Kočevje, Slovenia; European Beech Forest Network e.V., Germany; World Natural Heritage Beech Forest Grumsin e.V., Germany; Ministry of the Environment of the Slovak Republic; Slovakia; Municipality of Starigrad, Croatia
Short description of the project: The UNESCO World Heritage (WH) Site „Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe“ represents the most complex transnational serial natural site in the UNESCO portfolio – comprising 78 component parts in 45 protected areas (PAs) in 12 countries. The program area shares almost 25% of the components parts distributed in 5 countries (AT, DE, HR, SK, and SI). While local management units of the component parts face similar challenges, i.e. concerning buffer zone management, the respective environmental and socio-economic contexts differ considerably on the local and national levels. The project takes an ecosystem-based and participatory approach working on different administrative levels to anchor the WH site in sustainable regional development and produce replicable and innovative models for WH beech forests and their local surroundings.
The main objective: The main project objective is to improve the management quality and effectiveness of the WH site to safeguard the ecosystem integrity of the single component parts by improving capacities and active participation possibilities of relevant stakeholders.
The main project outputs: The main outputs are guidelines and strategies for stakeholder participation and regional development, a handbook for buffer zone management, recommendations for visitor management, a communication concept, and a Beech Forest Quality Standard that support protected area administrations, public authorities, and actors from civil society in their daily work. The results will be applicable for other WH component parts outside the program area
The main project elements: Empowering World Heritage Beech communities as a model for ecosystem-based sustainable development; Creation of a sustainable model for buffer zone management around World Heritage Beech forests; Development of an exemplary European Beech Forest Quality Standard and Certification System; Communication.
Total project budget: 1.864.328,98 EUR
ERDF Co-financing: 1.525.058,32 EUR
Project implementation period: 1.4.2019 – 31.3.2022
Project website: www.interreg-central.eu/BEECH-POWER
More information: www.european-beech-forest.network
NEWS ABOUT THE PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION
The third meeting of the local working group Education, interpretation, promotion, and visibility
As a follow-up to the second meeting of the local working group, PI Paklenica NP and external expertise organized the third on-line meeting of the working group Education, Interpretation, Promotion, and Visibility which was held on March 16th 2021
Meanwhile, the members of the working group developed and provided elements for the two activities which were selected for more detailed elaboration and share the content that would be part of those activities.
A total of 49 ideas were received of which, 26 ideas were received for the activity Development of the education material for beech forests and education props, and 23 ideas were received for the activity Promotion of the WH site through printed materials - leaflets, picture books, worksheets and other materials - design, printing materials.
Meanwhile, PI Paklenica NP was working on the selection of ideas that were evaluated in the previous meeting. Of 27 ideas, PI Paklenica NP selected 18 ideas to be included in the Working Program. The criteria in the selection process were:
At the beginning of the meeting, an overview of 18 ideas was given, which PI Paklenica NP selected to be included in the Working Program, and after that followed the ranking process of 49 ideas which were received by the members in meanwhile. The ranking process is designed to put each member of the working group in the position of a visitor and to ask which of the ideas would interest them the most. In the ranking process, we used symbols as in the previous meeting (each participant could assign 0-3 symbols for each idea).
When the ranking process finished, a joint discussion followed. We invited all members of the working group to express their opinions on the implementation process of this working group and we got positive comments. They liked coordination between meetings, the materials prepared for the meetings, and the ideas developed during those meetings.
It was agreed that all members would receive the draft of the Working Program by e-mail and they will get the opportunity to comment on it.
The second meeting of the local working group Education, interpretation, promotion, and visibility
As a follow-up to the kick-off meeting held in January 2021, the second on-line meeting of the working group Education, Interpretation, Promotion, and Visibility was held on 22nd February 2021.
Meanwhile, the members of the working group raised their ideas on how to improve the education and promotion of the World Heritage site in Paklenica National Park. A total of 82 ideas were received, presented at the meeting, and evaluated.
Ideas were classified into three main groups:
The criteria in the evaluation process were: 1. Contribution to the objectives; 2. Feasibility; 3. Financing; 4. Marketing reach.
Since the meeting was held in a virtual environment, the evaluation had to be adapted to the possibilities offered by the Zoom platform and it was decided that in the evaluation process we would use symbols in a way that each participant could assign 0-3 symbols for each idea, depending on how much he/she likes each activity when he/she takes into account all 4 criteria.
After the evaluation process, 27 ideas were selected to be taken into account for the development of the Work Program, and out of those, 2 ideas were selected to be elaborate in detail within the Work Program. The two ideas selected for extended elaboration are:
The next step that precedes the next meeting planned in the first part of March, is that the members of the working group develop and provide elements for the two activities which were selected for more detailed elaboration and provide the content that would be part of those activities.
The kick-off meeting of the working group Education, interpretation, promotion, and visibility
The online kick-off meeting of the working group Education, interpretation, promotion, and visibility was organized on January 27th, 2021 by Public Institution Paklenica National Park and external experts.
The aim of the working group is to create several activities related to:
Activities related to education and interpretation will be directed to the local community and visitors, while activities related to promotion and visibility will be directed exclusively to the local community.
After introductory speeches and presentations, PI Paklenica NP gave a presentation on the topic of the BEECH POWER Project, the stages of its implementation, and the goals and results of the Project. In the next presentation, the moderator gave a short overview of the Participatory Strategy development workshop. Then, the moderator held an introductory presentation on the concept of the working group, tasks of members of working groups, and the expected results. Discussion and suggestions by the members of the working group followed the presentations.
The next meeting of the working group is planned for the first half of February.
A proposal of the working program will be developed as the final result of the meetings of the working group.
Workshop on Participatory strategy development in Paklenica National Park
Online Participatory strategy development workshop was organized on December 11th, 2020 by Public Institution Paklenica National Park and moderated by external experts. Faced with the resulting pandemic situation, the workshop had to be held remotely, via the Zoom application.
The aim of the workshop, according to which it was guided and directed, was to contribute to the development of the Regional Strategy and appropriate work program to strengthen cooperation between protected areas, associated sectors (tourism, science and education, forestry, etc.), and local communities and additional participatory processes.
The workshop Participatory strategy development represents a continuation of the previous workshop Participatory situation analysis, based on the results of which, with relevant stakeholders and experts from the project area, a Regional Strategy and appropriate work programs will be developed.
The stakeholders were divided into two groups, each group had its own moderator. The expert team of the Client and the Contracting Authority divided all present participants into two working groups based on the principle that both groups have equal representation of stakeholders according to their areas of interest. The work in groups took place on the MIRO platform. The facilitators encouraged discussion among stakeholders on the following topics:
1. Tourism and visitor management
2. Regional and local development
3. Education and research
4. Cooperation and management
After the end of the part of the workshop during which the group work was conducted, all participants gathered together again in the plenary part of the workshop, which was intended for joint discussion, analysis, and evaluation of the contributions made in each of the groups. The most important activities and measures that will contribute to the development of the Regional Strategy were identified and prioritized through a joint discussion.
Workshop on Situation analysis in Paklenica National Park
The online Situation Analysis workshop was organized on September 28th, 2020 by Public Institution Paklenica National Park and moderated by external experts. Faced with the resulting pandemic situation, the workshop had to be held remotely, via the Zoom application. The methodology of implementation of the workshop was prescribed and it was Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation.
The workshop started with a short introduction of each participant which was followed by the presentation about the BEECH POWER project and the presentation about methodology Open Standards for the Practice of Conservation, the scope of the workshop. The participants were also familiarized with the site features and current management status. The stakeholders were divided into two groups of their choice, each group had its own moderator. The first group discussed the state of the WH area and what is being done well in conservation, and what can be done better. The second group discussed the topic: What are the new opportunities and how to take advantage of them and what are the next steps.
The results of the first group discussions were general agreement on the current level of protection of UNESCO WH sites in the NP which was rated satisfactory due to the fact that the sites are located within a national park, where according to the Nature Protection Act, any economic activity and forest exploitation is prohibited. The management regime of the Park (zoning) significantly contributes to the preservation of naturalness and protection of the site, and the zoning is currently being restored in order to raise the protection to an even higher level.
The common conclusions of the second group were: the need to educate visitors and all interested parties about localities, meaning and behavior, the need to include children and youth that can be included in various educational programs, the need to educate visitors and all interested, taking advantage of additional better promotions, both for the whole park and for localities, listing provides additional tools for the protection of the whole area and localities, in particular, establishing better communication and cooperation with a wider range of stakeholders, establishing a partnership council is a good opportunity.
The results of the workshop in Croatia will complete the results from similar workshops on Situation Analysis held in Germany and Slovenia. Summarized in the joint report, they will be used as a starting point for the upcoming workshops in Strategy development.
Lugarnica is a simple catering object, located right next to the Velika Paklenica stream beside the main hiking trail. It is 4 km away from the main parking lot, and if you go straight to Lugarnica from there, you should arrive in about 1.30 h.
At Lugarnica you can lift your spirits with tea, Turkish coffee and a cold drink or order some of the dishes on the menu. Payment is made in cash only, so we suggest you bring it along when you leave for the mountain.
Working hours:
May – October daily from 10 am to 5 pm
In the period from Easter till May it is opened only on weekends and on national holidays.
The reception at the second entrance to the Paklenica National Park is located in front of the Mala Paklenica canyon in Seline. It is open only during the main visiting season.
You can also buy entrance tickets, which are valid for Entrance 1, at Entrance 2.
Entrance 2:
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Entrance coordinates: 44.283077, 15.49276
You can buy 1-day or several-day tickets for visiting the Park, a parking ticket if you’re entering by car and receive useful information at the Entrance 1 reception.
The Paklenica National Park’s price list is available on the following link: price list
Entrance 1:
Entrance coordinates: 44.294053, 15.457578
There is preserved location with Mirila on the locality Grabove doline inside the Paklenica NP. These monuments are connected to the nearby settlement.
For more information, you can visit the Mirila Virtual Museum
The arrival of Croats in this area began in the early Middle Age. The earliest preserved traces of their presence are the chapels of St. George (Sv. Juraj) in Rovanjska and the chapel of St. Peter (Sv. Petar) in Starigrad, built in the 9th or 10th century A.D.
Chapel of St. Peter (Sv. Petar) in Starigrad
Two forts - Večka kula (on the cape just east of Starigrad) and Paklarić (on top of a long-abandoned prehistoric hillfort, overlooking the entrance to Velika Paklenica gorge) – were probably erected in the late Middle Age (14th-16th century).
The depiction of the ruins of Večka Tower during the Turkish wars (by Martin Stier, mid-17th century)
This era was followed by two centuries of war with the Turks. The population fled and the area at the foot of Velebit was completely abandoned. As the Turkish power began to fade, in 1671 the Venetian authorities began to populate the area of Starigrad with Bunjevacs, a Croatian population from the neighboring areas that were still under Turkish occupation. In 1700, the Turks finally retreated, and the area at the foot of South Velebit was annexed to Venetian Dalmatia.
People
The pastures and treatable land of Velebit, contained in karstic sinkholes, provided for the local population. Having adapted to the geographic and climatic environment, the residents mostly engaged in nomad stock herding, which is confirmed by mountain shepherd residences. The fact that many people stayed in mountain residences in the summertime is reflected in the ruins of numerous sacral buildings: churches, chapels, altars, holy hills and measures (mirila). The features of the area are also reflected in the traditional architectural style – namely, the cube roofs, concrete barrel-shaped roofs that have remained preserved on houses, economic facilities and mills along the stream of Velika Paklenica.
Distinctive roof architecture
There are ten old settlements inside the National Park, which are now mostly abandoned: Parići, Ramići, Kneževići, Katići, Škiljići, Jasenar, Rimenić, Jurline, Marasovići and Njive. Particularly interesting is the site Sklopina with the houses built into semi-faults.
Sklopina
During the first half of the 19th century, 15 water mills were built on Velika Paklenica Stream, from the today’s Entrance 1 upstream. These mills are: Donji (Lower) Marasović Mill, Srednji (Mid) Marasović Mill, Šikić Mill, Dadić Mill, Jurnović Mill, Markov Mill, Katić Mill, Smokrović Mill, Donji (Lower) Ramić Mill, Parić Mill, Gornji (Upper) Ramić Mill, Donji (Lower) Parić Mill, Gornji (Upper) Parić Mill, Donji (Lower) Knežević Mill and Gornji (Upper) Knežević Mill.
Today, not one of these mills is still in function, but the mill located 150 m northeast of Entrance 1 has been renovated, so you can sightsee it during your visit to the National Park.
During the main visiting season (May to October) the mill is open daily from 8 a.m. to 7 p.m.
For thousands of years, shepherds used Vaganacka Cave to shelter their herds. They left behind a four meters thick accumulation of soil and fragments of characteristically shaped pottery vessels.
Over the last two thousand years before Christ, the east coast of the Adriatic was gradually conquered by the Roman legions. After the Roman Province of Dalmatia was founded in the early 1st century A.D., permanent Roman reign was established. Starigrad (Roman name: Argyruntum) was established at the time, and it soon developed into an important trading center. In the fourth century A.D., Emperor Tiberius had it fortified with walls and towers. The town cemetery was situated by the road that led southwest of the town. Plenty of archeological findings were collected from approximately 400 explored graves – jewelry, glassware and metalware, weapons and tools. The most interesting finding is certainly the ancient glass collection – as many as 146 vessels of different forms (bowls, glasses, bottled) – kept in the Zadar Museum of Archeology.
Peninsular location of Starigrad Paklenica at the start of the 20th century (ABRAMIĆ - COLANGO 1909).
Life in Argyruntum came to a standstill in the early 4th century A.D. The era of peace was interrupted by attacks of barbaric nations that eventually led to the decline of the Roman state. In an attempt to bring the Adriatic coast back to Empire, East Roman Emperor Justinian built a system of fortifications to secure navigation and protect the local population. The ruins of forts and towers above Modrič and near Sveta Trojica not far from Tribanj are parts of this defensive system that briefly postponed the final decline of the ancient world in the Adriatic.
Ancient glass from Argyruntum
Dosad je u ovu ekološku mrežu uključeno oko 27.500 područja na gotovo 20% teritorija EU, što je čini najvećim sustavom očuvanih područja u svijetu. Natura 2000 temelji se na EU direktivama, područja se biraju znanstvenim mjerilima, a kod upravljanja tim područjima u obzir se uzima i interes i dobrobit ljudi koji u njima žive (preuzeto s http://www.haop.hr).
Ciljne vrste za Natura 2000 područje Nacionalni park Paklenica:
|
Natura2000 |
Hrvatski naziv vrste |
Znanstveni naziv vrste |
Skupina |
|
1083 |
jelenak |
Lucanus cervus |
Beskralješnjaci |
|
1087 |
alpinska strizibuba |
Rosalia alpina* |
|
|
1088 |
hrastova strizibuba |
Cerambyx cerdo |
|
|
1089 |
velika četveropjega |
Morimus asper funereus |
|
|
4019 |
tankovratni podzemljar |
Leptodirus hochenwartii |
|
|
6337 |
planinski žutokrug |
Vipera ursinii macrops* |
Gmazovi |
|
1303 |
mali potkovnjak |
Rhinolophus hipposideros |
Sisavci |
| 1304 | veliki potkovnjak | Rhinolophus ferrumequinum | |
|
1308 |
širokouhi mračnjak |
Barbastella barbastellus |
|
| 1310 | dugokrili pršnjak | Miniopterus schreibersii | |
| 1321 | riđi šišmis | Myotis emarginatus | |
|
1323 |
velikouhi šišmiš |
Myotis bechsteinii |
|
|
1324 |
veliki šišmiš |
Myotis myotis |
|
|
1352 |
vuk |
Canis lupus* |
|
|
1354 |
medvjed |
Ursus arctos* |
|
|
1361 |
ris |
Lynx lynx |
|
| 6338 | dinarski voluhar | Dinaromys bogdanovi | |
|
1473 |
kitaibelov pakujac |
Aquilegia kitaibelii |
Flora |
|
1547 |
cjelolatična žutilovka |
Genista holopetala |
|
|
1604 |
planinski kotrljan |
Eryngium alpinum |
|
|
1902 |
gospina papučica |
Cypripedium calceolus |
|
|
4072 |
dinarski rožac |
Cerastium dinaricum |
|
|
2093 |
modra sasa |
Pulsatilla vulgaris ssp. grandis |
|
|
4089 |
Skopolijeva gušarka |
Arabis scopoliana |
Ciljni stanišni tipovi za Natura 2000 područje Nacionalni park Paklenica:
|
Naziv stanišnog tipa |
Natura2000 |
|
Klekovina bora krivulja (Pinus mugo) s dlakavim pjenišnikom (Rhododendron hirsutum) |
4070 |
|
Sastojine Juniperus communis na kiseloj ili bazičnoj podlozi |
5130 |
|
Mediteranske makije u kojima dominiraju borovice Juniperus spp. |
5210 |
|
Planinski i pretplaninski vapnenački travnjaci |
6170 |
|
Karbonatna točila Thlaspietea rotundifolii |
8120 |
|
Istočnomediteranska točila |
8140 |
|
Karbonatne stijene s hazmofitskom vegetacijom |
8210 |
|
(Sub-) mediteranske šume endemičnog crnog bora |
9530 |
|
Ilirske bukove šume (Aremonio-Fagion) |
91K0 |
|
Špilje i jame zatvorene za javnost |
8310 |
Područje Nacionalnog parka dio je i Natura 2000 područja Velebit (HR1000022) značajno za ptice (POP).
Aquilegia kitaibelii
Kitajbelov pakujac
Cerastium dinaricum
Dinarski rožac
Cypripedium calceolus
Gospina papučica
Eryngium alpinum
Planinski kotrljan
Ilirske bukove šume
Stanište alpinske strizibube
Lucanus cervus
Jelenak
Morimus funereus
Mrka strizibuba
Pretplaninski vapnenački travnjaci-stanište planinskog žutokruga
Pulsatilla grandis
Sasa
Rosalia alpina
Alpinska strizibuba
Vipera ursinii macrops
Planinski žutokrug
Kulturna i prirodna baština svrstava se u neprocjenjiva i nezamjenjiva dobra, ne samo svake pojedine zemlje već i cjelokupnog čovječanstva. Gubitak bilo kojeg od tih dobara neprocjenjive vrijednosti zbog propadanja ili nestajanja, znači osiromašenje baštine svih naroda svijeta. Dijelovi te baštine, zbog svojih iznimnih osobina, mogu se smatrati dobrima "iznimne univerzalne vrijednosti" i kao takovi zavređuju posebnu zaštitu od opasnosti koje im sve više prijete.
Proglašenjem i upisom na Popis svjetske baštine 2017. godine, bukove šume na području Nacionalnog parka Paklenica i Nacionalnog parka Sjeverni Velebit pripadaju svjetski značajnim lokalitetima.
UNESCO je organizacija koja je zamisao o potrebi očuvanja svjetske prirodne i kulturne baštine počela provoditi od 1972. godine kada je usvojena Konvencija o zaštiti svjetske kulturne i prirodne baštine. Svrha je Konvencije da identificira, štiti, čuva, prezentira i predaje budućim generacijama kulturnu i prirodnu baštinu iznimne univerzalne vrijednosti. Jedan od najvažnijih instrumenata Konvencije je je uvrštavanje dobara na UNESCO-ov Popis Svjetske baštine. Glavni kriterij za uvrštavanje na Popis prirodne baštine je da dobro ima iznimne univerzalne vrijednost po jednom od 4 kriterija:
- područja iznimne prirodne ljepote i estetskog značaja
- područja koja predstavljaju važne etape povijesti našeg planeta, značajne geološke procese i imaju značajne geomorfološke i fiziografske karakteristike
- područja koja predstavljaju primjer ekoloških i bioloških procesa u evoluciji
- područja koja su najznačajnija prirodna staništa za očuvanje biološke raznolikosti in situ
Bukove šume Nacionalnog parka Paklenica i Nacionalnog Parka Sjeverni Velebit uvrštene su 7. srpnja 2017. godine na UNESCO-v Popis svjetske baštine te zajedno s bukovim šumama Albanije, Austrije, Belgije, Bugarske, Italije, Njemačke, Rumunjske, Slovačke, Slovenije, Španjolske i Ukrajine, sačinjavaju cjelinu „Bukove prašume i izvorne bukove šume Karpata i ostalih regija Europe". Za uvrštenje na UNESCO-v Popis svjetske baštine kao hrvatski predstavnici izvornih bukovih šuma, odabrane su dvije cjeline, jedna unutar granica NP Paklenica (Suva draga-Klimenta i Oglavinovac-Javornik) i druga cjelina unutar granica NP Sjeverni Velebit (Rožanski i Hajdučki kukovi).
Bukove šume Nacionalnih parkova Paklenica i Sjeverni Velebit predstavljaju iznimno očuvane nenarušene šumske ekosustave kojima je dugogodišnja zaštita osigurala izvornost i cjelovitost. Vrijedan su dio izvornih bukovih Europe i važno su utočište brojnim vrstama, od kojih su neke, poput medvjeda, risa, vuka, djetlovki, jelenka, strizibuba, te božikovine, božura ili šumskih orhideja, ugrožene na svjetskoj razini.
Bukva je jedna od najvažnijih vrsta u šumama listača umjerenog pojasa. Predstavlja izvanredan primjer ponovnog osvajanja prostora i razvoja šumskih zajednica nakon posljednje glacijacije, duž cijelog područja Europe, pod različitim ekološkim uvjetima (klimatski i geografski) kroz relativno kratko vrijeme. To je proces koji traje i danas.
Razvojem civilizacije i kultiviranjem šumskih površina, diljem Europe nestale su značajne šumske površine pa tako i bukove šume. Mnogim bukovim šumama koje još postoje se gospodari pa je njihova izvornost narušena. Procjenjuje se da su bukove prašume, prije ljudske intervencije u Europi zauzimale 91.000.000 hektara. Danas izvorne bukove zauzimaju površinu od svega 90.000 hektara. Jedini primjeri izvornih bukovih šuma koji se još mogu istraživati zbog svoje netaknutosti i iskonske očuvanosti, ograničeni su na relativno mala područja pa se nametnula potreba objedinjavanja tih ostataka diljem Europe pod jedno prirodno dobro i s jednim ciljem, a to je zajednička briga o njima.
O prekograničnom dobru „Bukove prašume i izvorne bukove šume Karpata i ostalih regija Europe“ zajedno brine 18 država na čijem se području nalaze pojedine komponente kroz redovne sastanke i razvoje zajedničkih projekata te upravljačkih dokumenata. Više o komponentama Dobra dostupno je na sljedećoj poveznici: Europske bukove šume.
UNESCO-ovo Serijsko Dobro Svjetske baštine “Bukove prašume i izvorne bukove šume Karpata i ostalih regija Europe” 2021. godine prošireno je sa 6 novih država članica (Bosna i Hercegovina, Češka, Francuska, Poljska, Sjeverna Makedonija i Švicarska). Ovim proširenjem dodano je, i umreženo s ostalima, 15 novih zaštićenih područja, a moguće je da će u skoroj budućnosti slijediti i dodavanje još vrijednih šumskih područja. Cijelo Dobro Svjetske baštine sadrži svega nekoliko preostalih Europskih prašuma i stoljetne Europske bukove šume, koje su opstale gotovo neizmjenjene do danas.
Ovo serijsko Dobro trenutno je najveće serijsko dobro UNESCO-ove Svjetske baštine. S 93 lokaliteta u 18 država, jedino je dobro Svjetske baštine koje povezuje toliko mnogo komponenti. Unutar navedenog Dobra nalaze se područja iz Albanije, Austrije, Belgije, Bosne i Hercegovine, Bugarske, Francuske, Njemačke, Italije, Hrvatske, Češke, Poljske, Rumunjske, Sjeverne Makedonije, Slovačke, Slovenije, Španjolske, Švicarske i Ukrajine. To zahtjeva prekograničnu suradnju i ilustrira blisku povezanost bukovih šuma s Europskom kulturom.
Javna ustanova Nacionalni park Paklenica
Dr. Franje Tuđmana 14a
HR - 23244 Starigrad-Paklenica
Tel.: +385 (0) 23 369 155, 369 202 (Direction)
+385 (0) 23 369 452 (Camp "Nacionalni park")
+385 (0) 23 369 803 (Entrance 1 Velika Paklenica)
E-mail:
np-paklenica@paklenica.hr
prezentacija@paklenica.hr (info)
OIB: 24913665146
IBAN: HR0824070001100579272, OTP banka
